Policy

Source: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Related Articles: “Europe Must Defend Europe”: U.S.

Note: More complex national plans were generally associated with slower grant disbursement. Related article: [Europ

Note: The estimated growth impulse was largest in countries with the biggest RRF programmes. Related article: [Europ

Note: Lower-income economies were expected to receive the largest GDP gains from NGEU. Related article: [Europe’s Fisc

Note: Delays destroy more project value than higher electricity costs, making time to power a central constraint. Related article: Europ

Note: Foreign-IP payments show how technology adoption can rise without equivalent domestic fiscal capture. Related article: Europe’s AI

Note: Solar-panel sourcing is almost entirely concentrated in China, while wind turbines and liquid biofuels have broader—but still concentrated—supplier structures. Related article:

Note: Solar panels remain strongly import-oriented, whereas wind turbines retain an export surplus and recorded rapid growth in both import value and quantity. Related article:

Note: Chemicals account for the largest dependency share, while machinery, metals, minerals, and precision goods together represent nearly half of identified products. Related article:

Note: The EU–China goods deficit narrowed after 2022 but widened again by Q1 2026 as imports recovered and exports weakened. Related article: [EU vs.

Note: Critical-material risk becomes strategic when supplier concentration meets weak substitution options. Related article: Europe’s China Risk Is Not

Note: Better screening shows that Europe’s dependency problem is narrower than headline import shares suggest. Related article: Europe’s China Risk Is N

Figure 1: Large youth cohorts become a dividend only when investment turns labour supply into employment growth. Related article: The New Labour Barga

Figure 1: The youth surge is shifting toward South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, making EMDE job creation a global labour-market issue. Related article:

Higher US tariffs raise the cooperation threshold only modestly, suggesting that cooperation among the remaining economies can endure. Related Articles:

Indonesia’s gradual rise reflects wider political inclusion; it does not show that female representation alone produces cleaner government. Related Articles:

High-profile returnees show how China is converting overseas experience into domestic university research capacity. Related Articles: AI Talent Retention

Asian middle-power agency is already taking shape through practical security, trade and strategic ties, not through a formal bloc. Related Articles:

India’s middle-power role is not isolated; it sits inside overlapping forums that connect Western, Global South and Indo-Pacific agendas Related Articles:

A Taiwan war would not be a regional shock.