Financial

Figure 2:The wedge widens when household price perceptions diverge from official inflation. Related article: Perceived Inflation Is the New Test of Price

Figure 1: Perceived inflation broadly tracks CPI but reacts more sharply during major price shocks. Related article: Perceived Inflation Is the New Test of

Figure 1: Danish households exposed to negative deposit rates cut deposits sharply while estimated consumption rose after exposure. Related article:

Figure 1: Negative rates spread quickly across Denmark, reaching about one-third of individuals and two-thirds of deposits by late 2021. Related article:

Figure 2: Delivery shortfalls moved with freight and import-cost pressures, showing how scarcity and costs reinforced each other. Related article: Su

Figure 1: Supply-chain pressure surged before core inflation peaked, showing why logistics shocks can become delayed price pressure. Related article: Su

Figure 2: The model shows tightening causes a deeper investment fall than equal easing can reverse. Related articles: Asymmetric Monetary Policy an

Figure 1: Tightening cuts external financing more sharply as firms face more binding constraints. Related article: Asymmetric Monetary Policy and th

As the ECB tightening cycle advanced, combined swap-and-bond exposure became less negative, showing that hedging intensified when rate risk became visible. Related Articles:

EUR/USD moves more clearly with monetary-policy surprises than with direct exchange-rate remarks. Related Articles: Exchange Rate Communication

A global energy shock hits EU GDP harder because domestic demand and external demand weaken at the same time. Related Articles: The Global Energy Sho

The global shock creates a much larger inflation peak because energy costs spread into industry, services, and traded goods. Related Articles: The G

Over-delivery produces much larger short-rate responses, with the gap widest at the shortest maturities. Related Articles: Fed Communication Strat

Germany and Switzerland show how central-bank risk can rise through different asset mixes, with foreign-exchange exposure driving Switzerland’s largest swings. Related Articles:

Balance-sheet risk rose sharply as conventional rate policy reached its limits, driven mainly by larger securities holdings. Related Articles: Fed

Treaty partners exported far more on average, though the raw gap is descriptive rather than a causal estimate. Related Articles: Middle-Power Trade

 Europe’s trade order grew through repeated waves of new and renewed agreements, not through a single grand bargain. Related Articles: Middle-Powe

Uncertainty produces a sharp and persistent investment loss, with the largest decline occurring one year after the shock. Related Articles: Trade Poli

Europe gains access to diverted trade, but the direction and scale of the effect differ sharply between the US and Chinese markets.

Retaliation redirected trade and the shift endured.