Note: Foreign-IP payments show how technology adoption can rise without equivalent domestic fiscal capture. Related article: Europe’s AI

Note: Broader coverage raises more revenue but turns the levy into a wider tax on cross-border digital services. Related article: Taxing AI

Note: Amount A would reallocate only 25% of profit above the 10% profitability threshold to eligible market jurisdictions.

Note:  The measured share of excess profit changes sharply with the benchmark used to define a normal return. Related article: Taxing AI Profi

Note: Deployment delay can destroy more value than higher electricity prices or lost tax incentives, making time to power central to investment. Related article:

Note: Labour’s income share was already declining before widespread generative AI, leaving less room for further shifts toward capital. Related article:

Note: Similar exposure scores can conceal different task structures—and therefore different displacement risks. Related article: Why AI Fis

Note: Most observations remain procyclical, showing that expenditure plans still respond to short-term growth surprises.

Note: Solar-panel sourcing is almost entirely concentrated in China, while wind turbines and liquid biofuels have broader—but still concentrated—supplier structures. Related article:

Note: Solar panels remain strongly import-oriented, whereas wind turbines retain an export surplus and recorded rapid growth in both import value and quantity. Related article:

Note: Chemicals account for the largest dependency share, while machinery, metals, minerals, and precision goods together represent nearly half of identified products. Related article:

Note: The EU–China goods deficit narrowed after 2022 but widened again by Q1 2026 as imports recovered and exports weakened. Related article: [EU vs.

Note: Critical-material risk becomes strategic when supplier concentration meets weak substitution options. Related article: Europe’s China Risk Is Not

Note: Better screening shows that Europe’s dependency problem is narrower than headline import shares suggest. Related article: Europe’s China Risk Is N

Note: Battery capacity is expanding, but the centre of gravity remains outside Europe.

Note: Europe’s exposure is not confined to one sector.

Figure 1: Even a small rise in the housing-cost burden is linked to lower labour-force participation and worse living conditions, reinforcing housing as a labour-market constraint. Related article:

Figure 1: Higher housing costs are associated with weaker labour participation and wider social strain, especially overcrowding, housing deprivation, poverty risk and health pressure. Related articl

Figure 2:The wedge widens when household price perceptions diverge from official inflation. Related article: Perceived Inflation Is the New Test of Price

Figure 1: Perceived inflation broadly tracks CPI but reacts more sharply during major price shocks. Related article: Perceived Inflation Is the New Test of