Industry

Public R&D support is not one model: some countries rely more on direct project funding, while others route support through tax incentives. 

Longer closure scenarios keep oil prices elevated for longer, making the speed of reopening the central inflation variable. 

Tech-job spillovers appear around cloud and AI operators, while landlord-style colocation sites show no clear local IT effect. 

Data centers lift local employment, but the clearest early gain is concentrated in construction. 

Coal shipment changes were uneven, but the sharpest declines came from China and India, complicating the idea of a broad coal rebound.

Solar and wind absorbed much of the shock, weakening the claim that the Hormuz crisis produced a simple coal comeback.